Reshil-Marie Torrevillas, a research assistant in Nicole Prause's lab, wears an Emotiv.
Emotiv EPOC helmet. Photo via Flickr / br1dotcom
"As you can imagine, if you're trying to study orgasm, it's not typically a time when people sit very still", says Prause, a psychophysiologist who runs the Sexual Psychophysiology and Affective Neuroscience (SPAN) lab at UCLA. Her work led to a collaboration with Dr. Siegle, who is particularly interested in depression, which he studies as an associate professor of psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh."The big goal is to try and really asses people where they are," he says. "Depressed people are, for example, going over and over negative things for minutes." People in the middle of sex, meanwhile, are going through something completely different. But in these and other cases, "behavioral measures aren't always adequate. We want to actually see processes unfold and understand mechanisms in the time-course of minutes."Before he studied neurophysiology and cognition, Dr. Siegle worked as a computer scientist with an interest in artificial intelligence. That gave him the curiosity and expertise to begin tinkering with the Emotiv headset shortly after its release. (Emotiv produces two headsets: the EPOC, for gamers, and a more sophisticated version that is capable of providing raw brainwave data, the EEG, which Siegle uses.) Now, instead of waiting for data to come to him in the lab, a tool like the Emotiv allows him to get more adventurous with his experiments, in settings with fewer controls but more chances to see a neural process occuring naturally."As you can imagine, if you're trying to study orgasm, it's not typically a time when people sit very still", says Nicole Prause. But with the Emotiv, she and her colleague have gathered "the first millisecond by millisecond recording of a female orgasm."
Nicole Prause and research assistant Reshil-Marie Torrevillas
A traditional EEG machine uses around 20 electrodes taped to the skull. Photo by Sharyn Morrow
Greg Siegle. Photo by Monica Barback
Like any brainwave-reading tool, the Emotiv is incapable of accessing the activities of neurons that sit below the surface of the brain, where most neural activity takes place. You need deep electrodes for that (these tend to be off limits for human subjects, but not for rats and everything else).But what the Emotiv headset lacks in detail, it makes up for in its robust performance, collecting clean, uninterrupted data without a phalanx of cables, and despite movements of the head. During sex, Siegle has observed, there is a lot of head movement.At a conference last year, Siegle interrupted a lasagna dinner with a prominent EEG researcher in order to demonstrate his toy helmet. It took four minutes to set up, and "the data looked just like they do off his expensive systems at his home lab."
A Mindball player, via Flickr / kahunna
Chaotic Moon Labs uses an Emotiv to control a skateboard
Anand Srinivasan, a sophomore from Roswell High School, explains his Emotiv bionic limb project to Barack Obama. (Photo by Pete Souza)
A paralyzed woman uses an Emotiv to play a video game. In another video she uses the helmet to read Reddit.com
When someone is shown visual stimuli, there's an involuntary or subconscious response in the brain, one that can be picked up by the Emotiv or even less sensitive BCI headsets. Show someone stimuli with personal significance—a photo of their house, for example, or a child—and a very specific part of the brain may "light-up," showing what scientists call a "recognition response." Show someone images that correspond to their ATM pin or a password, and the resulting data might produce precious clues for a hacker, like a surreptitious crime artist eking out the look of a suspect from their brainwaves."It's better than a random guess," says Dr. Martinovic, who puts the chances that hackers could brute-force their way into your brain, based on lab tests he conducted, at a 60 percent success rate. Today there are obviously much easier methods for gathering your personal data, but future criminals and surveillance experts would be remiss not to consider the potential for a brainwave scan, much as police rely (perhaps not so scientifically) on lie detector tests.Show someone images that correspond to their ATM pin or a password, and the resulting data might produce precious clues for a hacker, like a surreptitious crime artist eking out the look of a suspect from their brainwaves.